11 April 2024

This week I want to continue my discussion of bias and focus on something that is termed ‘The Backfire Effect’. This concept is very important for us all to understand, as it affects our ability to change other people’s beliefs and also our ability to understand new evidence which challenges what we believe. There is a lot for me to talk about here, so I have split this thought into two parts and will tell you more next week.
In a perfect world, where everybody is logical and rational, you would generally find that, if people come across things that challenge their beliefs, they would simply change their minds. But, unfortunately, this seldom happens. Instead, if finding something that challenges what they believe, people usually just reject it and, ironically, it then usually just strengthens their original beliefs. This is another form of cognitive bias, generally referred to as ‘The ‘Backfire Effect’.
This is another form of confirmation bias. I would even go so far as to say that this also logically means that showing people evidence that you think proves them wrong about something is just wasted time and energy. Not only is it ineffective, it is counterproductive, as it only backfires, by causing them to then believe more strongly in what they were initially thinking, which you are actually trying to change their mind about. So, it then makes it harder for you in the long run!
In recent years, it has become easier to identify examples of ‘The Backfire Effect’, as people have become more polarised in their thinking. For example, the way that people vote, the way that they view vaccinations and, of course, the phrase ‘fake news’ being bandied about. Ironically, you find that the more people are knowledgeable about something, the more likely they doubt things, whereas the least informed people are usually the ones with the highest degree of confidence that they are right. It doesn’t make sense, does it?
When you challenge somebody’s thinking (or they encounter information which challenges it), they feel threatened. This leads to them experiencing negative emotions, as their beliefs are crucial to their self-concept (i.e. their identity and ideology). Therefore, it follows that, as people do not like experiencing negative emotions, it increases the likelihood of them refusing new information which challenges their beliefs and so they try to find ways to reject it. It explains why many attempts by us to change people’s beliefs are often ineffective.
However, it is possible to use some techniques to counter ‘The Backfire Effect’ . For example, increasing people’s awareness of this effect, using simpler explanations or changing the way that you communicate information to them. If you want them to respond more positively, or you are trying to get somebody to change their belief, it is really about ‘tweaking’ the way that you present the evidence to them.
To avoid a backfire, you always need to remember that the way you present information is just as important as what information you present. So, the best way of doing this is to communicate alternative information to other people in a non-confrontational way, which allows them to then internalise new things and find the conclusion that you want them to reach themselves.
You also need to try to understand ‘The ‘Backfire Effect’ in yourself. Be critical about how you process new information, so that it helps you think about things more rationally. If you find something which challenges or contradicts your beliefs, you should not ignore it, or immediately try to explain why you think that it is wrong but, instead, look at it afresh from as many different perspectives as you can and assess it broadmindedly. Try not to compare it to your pre-existing beliefs.
Finally, probably the best way to reduce your own backfire effect is to just be aware of the way that it influences you and therefore try to consciously change the way in which you naturally react to something that contradicts your beliefs. Most of all, try not to react intuitively when challenged and give yourself more time to think about something before saying anything.
So, this week, if you want to get your point across to someone, remember that, no matter how misguided their viewpoint might be (in your opinion), telling them that they are ‘wrong’ is highly unlikely to work and will probably just backfire and put them into a different mindset where they will not accept any new thinking anyway.




